b Substance Use in 12th Grade Youth 1976–2018. The rates for past-year major depression episode (MDE) DSM-IV criteria are from the 12–17 age group as analyzed by Weinberger et al., 1999 with data from National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The rates for ADHD for 19 were taken from school community teacher surveys. The rates for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) from 1998–2016 were from CDC ( ) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) annual report 3–17 years of age. ASD rates for 2000–2014 were from CDC ( ). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) rates for 1970s-80s and 1980s-1990s. Similar content being viewed by othersĪ Prevalence Rates for Obesity, ADHD, ASD and Major Depression in Youth 1970–2016. Using summary statistics for eleven neuropsychiatric and three metabolic disorders from 128,989 families, an epigenetic effect explains more of the estimated heritability when a portion of parental environmental effects are transmitted to offspring alongside additive genetic variance. Parental substance use, poor diet and obesity are environmental factors with known epigenetic intergenerational and transgenerational effects, that regulate set points in brain pathways integrating sensory-motor, reward and feeding behaviors. Another model considers environmental conditions shifting in the previous generation, which altered brain circuits epigenetically and were transmitted to offspring via non-DNA-based mechanisms (intergenerational and transgenerational effects). Current measured genetic variant effects do not explain fully the familial clustering and high heritability estimates in the population. Some increase in prevalence may stem from changing environmental conditions in the current generation which interact with genes and inherited genetic variants. Prevalence rates of mental health disorders in children and adolescents have increased two to threefold from the 1990s to 2016.
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